Trigonal-phase m-ITOs enable high-selectivity CO2-to-formate conversion with long-term stability and transparent antifouling performance for underwater windows.

Major Contributions
 

1.A metastable 1T-phase indium tin oxide (m-ITOs, P−3m1) was synthesized via molten-alkali mechanochemical phase engineering, featuring unique In–Sn catalytic pairs that enhance electronic coupling, stabilize HCOO* adsorption, and suppress hydrogen evolution. 

2.m-ITOs demonstrate high CO2-to-formate selectivity (Faradaic efficiency 93 ± 1.9% at −1.3 V vs RHE) with excellent long-term stability, retaining 97% activity over 120,000 s, outperforming conventional cubic-phase ITO-based catalysts.

3.Leveraging their transparency, m-ITOs were integrated as a glass electrode that efficiently produces formate in situ while inhibiting ~50% Chlorella growth, combining electrocatalytic performance with antifouling functionality.

主要貢獻
 

1.特殊晶相合成與機制：透過熔融鹼機械化學相工程（molten-alkali mechanochemical phase engineering），合成了一種亞穩態 1T 相氧化銦錫（m-ITOs, P−3m1）。該材料具有獨特的 In–Sn 催化對，能增強電子耦合效應，穩定甲酸根中間體（HCOO*）的吸附，並有效抑制析氫反應。

2.高效選擇性與穩定性：m-ITOs 展現了極高的 CO2 轉甲酸選擇性，在 -1.3V (vs. RHE) 電位下，法拉第效率（FE）93 ± 1.9%。同時具備優異的長期穩定性，在 120,000 秒的測試中保持了 97% 的活性，性能優於傳統的立方相（cubic-phase）ITO 基催化劑。

3.透明防汙玻璃應用：利用其高透明度，m-ITOs 被整合成玻璃電極。該電極能原位（in situ）高效產生甲酸，並抑制約 50% 的小球藻（Chlorella）生長，成功結合了電催化性能與生物防汙功能。