▌Anode-Free Batteries: Pioneering Energy Storage Revolution
無陽極電池：開創能源儲存革命

Bibliographic Data 書目資料

Summary 摘要

English

This comprehensive review examines anode-free batteries (AFBs), which eliminate the pre-loaded anode to raise energy density, improve safety and simplify manufacturing. It analyzes the fundamental phenomena of metal plating and stripping: nucleation and growth, dendrite formation, electrolyte decomposition with SEI fracture, dead-metal formation and regeneration, and contact loss from the current collector. Key performance parameters, including Coulombic efficiency, electrolyte-to-cathode ratio, external pressure, and formation and cycling protocols, are evaluated. The review extends beyond lithium to anode-free sodium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, sulfur and all-solid-state systems, highlighting each system's specific challenges and solutions. It also positions AFBs as a diagnostic platform for visualizing metal deposition, quantifying dead metal, determining irreversible Coulombic efficiency and rapidly screening electrolytes. It closes with perspectives on the remaining challenges (limited metal inventory, unstable plating/stripping, cathode degradation, electrolyte instability and cross-talk) and on directions toward practical deployment.

中文

本篇綜合性回顧論文探討無陽極電池（AFB）。此類電池省去預先置入的陽極，可提升能量密度、改善安全性並簡化製程。文中系統分析金屬沉積與剝離的基礎現象，包括成核與成長、枝晶形成、伴隨SEI破裂的電解液分解、死金屬的生成與再生，以及金屬與集電器之間的接觸失效。作者評估影響性能的關鍵參數，如庫倫效率、電解液與正極比（E:C ratio）、外加壓力以及化成與循環條件。討論範圍並由鋰延伸至無陽極鈉、鉀、鋅、鎂、鋁、硫及全固態電池，說明各體系特有的挑戰與對策。此外，本文強調AFB可作為研究平台，用於觀測金屬沉積、量化死金屬、測定不可逆庫倫效率及快速篩選電解液。最後，作者針對金屬存量有限、沉積/剝離不穩定、正極劣化、電解液不穩定與交互干擾等挑戰，提出邁向實用化的未來研究方向。

Major Contributions

1. Provides a unified mechanistic picture of anode-free operation: nucleation and growth dynamics, plated-metal morphology, SEI fracture, metal-inventory loss, dead-metal formation and regeneration, and heterogeneity, compared across different metals.

2. Establishes a framework of critical parameters (Coulombic efficiency, E:C ratio, external pressure, formation and cycling protocols) that links cell design to cycle life and energy density, covering Li, Na, K, Zn, Mg, Al, S and all-solid-state anode-free systems.

3. Positions AFBs as a research tool (visualizing plating, quantifying dead metal, measuring irreversible CE, screening electrolytes) and sets out a roadmap of challenges and strategies toward commercialization.

主要貢獻

1. 建立無陽極電池運作的統一機制圖像，涵蓋成核與成長動力學、沉積金屬形貌、SEI破裂、金屬存量損失、死金屬生成與再生及不均勻性，並比較不同金屬的特性。

2. 提出關鍵參數架構（庫倫效率、E:C比、外加壓力、化成與循環條件），連結電池設計與循環壽命及能量密度，範圍涵蓋鋰、鈉、鉀、鋅、鎂、鋁、硫及全固態無陽極體系。

3. 將無陽極電池定位為研究工具（觀測沉積、量化死金屬、測定不可逆庫倫效率、篩選電解液），並提出邁向商業化的挑戰與策略藍圖。